[ad_1] Introduction Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process that plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling damaged organelles and macromolecules. Emerging evidence suggests that autophagy also plays a significant…
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[ad_1] Introduction Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract that encompasses both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. These conditions are characterized by inflammation, ulceration, and damage to the lining…
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[ad_1] Introduction Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising approach in regenerative medicine, with the potential to treat a wide range of diseases and injuries. Pharmacology plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficacy…
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[ad_1] Introduction Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with millions of people diagnosed each year. The development of anti-cancer drugs has been a crucial area of research in the medical field,…
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[ad_1] Introduction: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle in the successful treatment of various diseases, including cancer and infectious diseases. One of the mechanisms underlying MDR is the overexpression of drug efflux transporters, which…
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[ad_1] Introduction Autoimmune diseases are a diverse group of conditions characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy cells and tissues in the body. These diseases can affect any part of the body, leading to…
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[ad_1] Introduction The presence of comorbidities, defined as the coexistence of two or more chronic diseases or conditions in a patient, has been shown to significantly impact the efficacy of drug treatments. Comorbidities can alter…
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[ad_1] Introduction Adrenergic drugs are a class of medications that act on the adrenergic receptors in the body, particularly those that respond to the neurotransmitter adrenaline, also known as epinephrine. These drugs have a wide…
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[ad_1] Introduction The use of nanoparticles for drug delivery has gained significant attention in recent years due to their ability to improve drug efficacy, reduce side effects, and enhance targeted delivery. By encapsulating drugs within…
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[ad_1] Introduction Pharmacodynamics plays a crucial role in determining the efficacy of drugs in the human body. Understanding the mechanism of action of drugs and how they interact with the body at a molecular level…
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