[ad_1] Introduction Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract that encompasses both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. These conditions are characterized by inflammation, ulceration, and damage to the lining…
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[ad_1] Introduction Pharmacology is a branch of science that deals with the study of drugs and their effects on living organisms. Anti-viral drugs are a class of medication used specifically to treat viral infections by…
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[ad_1] Introduction Obesity is a growing public health concern worldwide, with significant implications for the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Pharmacokinetics, the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body, plays a…
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[ad_1] Introduction: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle in the successful treatment of various diseases, including cancer and infectious diseases. One of the mechanisms underlying MDR is the overexpression of drug efflux transporters, which…
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[ad_1] Introduction The presence of comorbidities, defined as the coexistence of two or more chronic diseases or conditions in a patient, has been shown to significantly impact the efficacy of drug treatments. Comorbidities can alter…
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[ad_1] Introduction Adrenergic drugs are a class of medications that act on the adrenergic receptors in the body, particularly those that respond to the neurotransmitter adrenaline, also known as epinephrine. These drugs have a wide…
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[ad_1] Introduction Drug formulations play a crucial role in determining the pharmacokinetics of a drug, which in turn determines its efficacy and safety in patients. The way a drug is formulated can impact its absorption,…
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[ad_1] Introduction: Drug-induced immunotoxicity refers to the adverse effects that certain medications can have on the immune system of an individual. These effects can range from mild allergies to severe autoimmune diseases, and can be…
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[ad_1] Introduction Neuropsychiatric conditions, which encompass a range of disorders affecting the brain and nervous system, are a significant public health concern worldwide. These conditions, including but not limited to depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar…
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[ad_1] Introduction: Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication by transferring bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. In recent years, exosomes have gained significant attention as…
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