[ad_1] Introduction Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continue to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with millions of people affected each year. The use of medications to manage CVD has played a crucial role…
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[ad_1] Introduction Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process that plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling damaged organelles and proteins. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in…
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[ad_1] Introduction The field of neuropharmacology has made significant advances in recent years in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neurological disorders and the development of pharmacological interventions for treatment. Epigenetics, the study of changes in…
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[ad_1] Introduction Inflammation is a complex biological response that plays a crucial role in the body’s immune system, serving as a defense mechanism against harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. However, dysregulated…
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[ad_1] Introduction Muscle wasting diseases, also known as muscle atrophy, are a group of disorders characterized by the gradual degeneration and loss of muscle mass and strength. These diseases can have a profound impact on…
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[ad_1] Introduction Drug formulation plays a crucial role in determining the bioavailability of pharmaceutical drugs. The way in which a drug is formulated can greatly affect its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion within the body.…
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[ad_1] Introduction Antipsychotic drugs are an important class of medications used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. These drugs work by modulating the activity of neurotransmitters…
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[ad_1] Introduction Neuroinflammation is a complex biological response involving activation of glial cells and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the central nervous system. It is believed to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis…
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[ad_1] Introduction Obesity has become a global epidemic, with increasing prevalence in both developed and developing countries. It is a major risk factor for various chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and…
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[ad_1] Introduction Pharmacokinetics is the study of how drugs move throughout the body, including how they are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Transporters play a crucial role in these processes by facilitating the movement of…
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