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Introduction

Coastal groundwater discharge has been recognized as an important process linking terrestrial and marine environments. It plays a crucial role in supplying nutrients and freshwater to coastal ecosystems, influencing the biogeochemical cycling, and affecting the overall health and productivity of coastal waters. However, the spatial distribution and magnitude of coastal groundwater discharge remain poorly understood due to the complex hydrological and geological conditions near the coast. Traditional methods of mapping groundwater discharge, such as tracer techniques and seepage meters, are limited in their spatial coverage and are often labor-intensive and expensive.

Thermal imaging has emerged as a promising tool for mapping coastal groundwater discharge due to its non-invasive nature, high spatial resolution, and ability to detect temperature anomalies associated with groundwater discharge. By monitoring the surface temperature of the water, the seafloor, or the air above the coast, thermal imaging can provide valuable insights into the locations and fluxes of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and submarine springs. This thesis aims to explore the potential of thermal imaging for mapping coastal groundwater discharge and to develop a methodology for accurately estimating the fluxes of groundwater-derived nutrients to the coastal zone.

Chapter 1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of Study
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Objectives of Study
1.5 Limitation of Study
1.6 Scope of Study
1.7 Significance of Study
1.8 Structure of the Thesis
1.9 Definition of Terms

Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Overview of Coastal Groundwater Discharge
2.2 Traditional Methods for Mapping Groundwater Discharge
2.3 Thermal Imaging for Detecting Groundwater Discharge
2.4 Case Studies on Thermal Imaging of Coastal Groundwater Discharge
2.5 Challenges and Limitations of Thermal Imaging
2.6 Advances in Thermal Imaging Technology
2.7 Spatial and Temporal Variability of Coastal Groundwater Discharge
2.8 Ecological Impacts of Coastal Groundwater Discharge
2.9 Regulatory Framework for Managing Coastal Groundwater Discharge
2.10 Gaps in Knowledge and Research Needs

Chapter 3 Research Methodology
3.1 Selection of Study Area
3.2 Data Collection and Fieldwork
3.3 Thermal Imaging Data Acquisition
3.4 Data Processing and Analysis
3.5 Calibration and Validation of Thermal Imaging Results
3.6 Estimation of Groundwater Fluxes
3.7 Integration with Hydrological Models
3.8 Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Assessment

Chapter 4 Discussion of Findings
4.1 Spatial Distribution of Coastal Groundwater Discharge
4.2 Flux Estimates of Groundwater-Derived Nutrients
4.3 Comparison with Traditional Mapping Methods
4.4 Implications for Coastal Zone Management
4.5 Future Directions for Research and Monitoring
4.6 Recommendations for Policy and Decision-Making

Chapter 5 Conclusion and Summary
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusions
5.3 Contributions to the Field of Coastal Hydrology
5.4 Implications for Resource Management and Conservation
5.5 Limitations of the Study
5.6 Recommendations for Future Research

Thesis Overview

Coastal groundwater discharge is a critical process that influences the health of coastal ecosystems and the quality of coastal waters. This thesis explores the use of thermal imaging as a novel approach for mapping coastal groundwater discharge and estimating the fluxes of groundwater-derived nutrients to the coastal zone. The research methodology involves data collection, thermal imaging data acquisition, data processing, and analysis, calibration and validation, flux estimation, and integration with hydrological models. The discussion of findings includes the spatial distribution of coastal groundwater discharge, flux estimates of nutrients, comparisons with traditional methods, and implications for coastal zone management. The conclusion highlights the contributions to the field, recommendations for future research, and implications for resource management and conservation. This thesis aims to advance our understanding of coastal groundwater discharge and provide valuable insights for coastal zone management and conservation efforts.

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