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Introduction

Marine ecosystems are under increasing pressure from human activities, including overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution. Effective monitoring of marine species is essential for the conservation and management of these ecosystems. Traditional monitoring methods, such as visual surveys and tagging, can be time-consuming, costly, and invasive. In recent years, environmental DNA (eDNA) has emerged as a powerful tool for monitoring marine species.

eDNA is DNA that is shed into the environment by organisms through excretion, skin cells, or other means. This DNA can be extracted from water, sediment, or other environmental samples and used to detect the presence of a wide range of species. eDNA methods offer several advantages over traditional monitoring techniques, including increased sensitivity, non-invasiveness, and the ability to detect rare or elusive species.

This thesis aims to assess the use of environmental DNA for monitoring marine species. Specifically, the study will investigate the efficacy of eDNA for detecting and monitoring a variety of marine species, including fish, invertebrates, and marine mammals. The research will also explore the potential limitations of eDNA techniques and identify areas for future research and development.

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of study
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Objective of study
1.5 Limitation of study
1.6 Scope of study
1.7 Significance of study
1.8 Structure of the Thesis
1.9 Definition of terms

Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Overview of environmental DNA (eDNA)
2.2 Applications of eDNA in marine species monitoring
2.3 Advantages and limitations of eDNA techniques
2.4 Comparison of eDNA with traditional monitoring methods
2.5 Factors influencing eDNA detection
2.6 Case studies of eDNA monitoring in marine ecosystems
2.7 Current research gaps and challenges in eDNA monitoring
2.8 Regulatory and ethical considerations of eDNA use
2.9 Future directions in eDNA research
2.10 Conclusion

Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Study design
3.2 Sample collection and processing
3.3 eDNA extraction and sequencing
3.4 Data analysis and interpretation
3.5 Quality control measures
3.6 Statistical analysis
3.7 Fieldwork considerations
3.8 Ethical considerations

Chapter 4: Discussion of Findings
4.1 Detection rates of target species
4.2 Comparison of eDNA and traditional monitoring data
4.3 Effectiveness of eDNA for monitoring different taxa
4.4 Factors influencing eDNA detection success
4.5 Validation of eDNA results
4.6 Implications for marine conservation and management
4.7 Recommendations for future research
4.8 Limitations of the study
4.9 Conclusions

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Summary
5.1 Summary of key findings
5.2 Implications for marine conservation and management
5.3 Recommendations for policy and practice
5.4 Contribution to the field of eDNA research
5.5 Limitations of the study and future research directions

Overall, this thesis will provide valuable insights into the use of environmental DNA for monitoring marine species and will contribute to the growing body of research on eDNA techniques in marine conservation and management.

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