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**Introduction**

The maintenance of telomeres is essential for the stability and integrity of the genome. Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, and they play a crucial role in protecting the chromosome ends from degradation and fusion. Telomeres undergo shortening with each cell division due to the end replication problem, which can eventually lead to cellular senescence or apoptosis. To counteract this shortening, cells have evolved various mechanisms to maintain telomere length, including telomerase and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathways.

This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms involved in telomere maintenance, including the roles of telomerase and ALT pathways. By understanding these mechanisms, we can gain insights into how telomere maintenance is regulated and how dysregulation of these processes can contribute to aging and cancer development.

**Table of Contents**

**Chapter 1: Introduction**
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of study
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Objective of study
1.5 Limitation of study
1.6 Scope of study
1.7 Significance of study
1.8 Structure of the Thesis
1.9 Definition of Terms

**Chapter 2: Literature Review**
2.1 Telomere structure and function
2.2 Telomere shortening and aging
2.3 Telomerase pathway
2.4 ALT pathway
2.5 Regulation of telomere maintenance
2.6 Telomere dysfunction in diseases
2.7 Therapeutic targeting of telomeres
2.8 Telomere length measurement techniques
2.9 Telomere biology in cancer
2.10 Future perspectives in telomere research

**Chapter 3: Research Methodology**
3.1 Research design
3.2 Sample collection
3.3 Telomere length analysis
3.4 Cell culture and treatments
3.5 Telomerase activity assay
3.6 ALT pathway analysis
3.7 Data analysis
3.8 Statistical methods

**Chapter 4: Discussion of Findings**
4.1 Telomere length dynamics
4.2 Telomerase activity levels
4.3 ALT pathway activation
4.4 Relationship between telomere maintenance and aging
4.5 Telomere dysfunction in cancer
4.6 Therapeutic implications of telomere research
4.7 Future directions in telomere maintenance studies

**Chapter 5: Conclusion and Summary**
5.1 Summary of key findings
5.2 Contributions to the field
5.3 Implications for future research
5.4 Concluding remarks

**Thesis Overview on Mechanisms of Telomere Maintenance**

Telomeres are essential for maintaining the stability of the genome by protecting the chromosome ends from degradation and fusion. In this thesis, we aim to explore the mechanisms involved in telomere maintenance, focusing on the roles of telomerase and the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathways. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for unraveling the complexities of telomere biology and its implications for aging and cancer development.

The literature review will provide an in-depth analysis of telomere structure and function, telomere shortening and aging, telomerase and ALT pathways, regulation of telomere maintenance, telomere dysfunction in diseases, therapeutic targeting of telomeres, telomere length measurement techniques, telomere biology in cancer, and future perspectives in telomere research.

The research methodology chapter will outline the design of the study, sample collection methods, telomere length analysis techniques, cell culture and treatments, telomerase activity assays, ALT pathway analysis, data analysis procedures, and statistical methods used in the study.

The discussion of findings chapter will present the results of the research, including telomere length dynamics, telomerase activity levels, ALT pathway activation, the relationship between telomere maintenance and aging, telomere dysfunction in cancer, therapeutic implications of telomere research, and future directions in telomere maintenance studies.

The conclusion and summary chapter will summarize the key findings of the study, discuss the contributions to the field of telomere research, highlight the implications for future research, and provide concluding remarks on the mechanisms of telomere maintenance. This thesis aims to advance our understanding of telomere biology and its relevance to human health and disease.

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