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Introduction

Autoimmune disorders are a group of diseases characterized by an abnormal immune response against the body’s own tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. The pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders is complex and involves various factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and dysregulation of immune cells. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the development and progression of autoimmune disorders. EVs are small membranous vesicles secreted by cells that contain a variety of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which can modulate immune responses and contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.

This thesis aims to explore the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, with a focus on their effects on immune cells and their potential as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. By investigating the interactions between EVs and the immune system in the context of autoimmune disorders, this study seeks to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying these diseases and identify novel therapeutic targets.

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of study
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Objective of study
1.5 Limitation of study
1.6 Scope of study
1.7 Significance of study
1.8 Structure of the Thesis
1.9 Definition of terms

Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Overview of autoimmune disorders
2.2 Extracellular vesicles: biogenesis and function
2.3 EVs in autoimmune disorders
2.4 Role of EVs in immune modulation
2.5 EVs as biomarkers for autoimmune diseases
2.6 Current strategies for EV isolation and characterization
2.7 EV-based therapies for autoimmune disorders
2.8 Challenges and future directions in EV research
2.9 Critical analysis of existing literature
2.10 Gaps in knowledge and research opportunities

Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Research design
3.2 Study population
3.3 Sample collection and processing
3.4 Isolation and characterization of EVs
3.5 Functional assays to study EV effects on immune cells
3.6 Data analysis and interpretation
3.7 Statistical methods
3.8 Ethical considerations

Chapter 4: Discussion of Findings
4.1 EV profiles in patients with autoimmune disorders
4.2 Effects of EVs on immune cell function
4.3 Diagnostic and prognostic potential of EV biomarkers
4.4 Mechanisms of EV-mediated immune modulation
4.5 Comparison with existing literature
4.6 Implications for future research
4.7 Limitations of the study
4.8 Recommendations for clinical practice
4.9 Conclusion

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Summary
5.1 Summary of key findings
5.2 Implications for autoimmune disorders research
5.3 Future directions
5.4 Contributions to the field
5.5 Conclusion

Overall, this thesis will provide a comprehensive overview of the role of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, with a focus on their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. By elucidating the mechanisms by which EVs influence immune responses in autoimmune diseases, this study aims to contribute to the development of novel strategies for disease diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment.

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